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1、translation theory and the non literary textbelinda maiauniversidade do portoacknowledgementsthislectureisbasedtoalargeextenton:munday,jeremy.2001.introducingtranslationstudiestheoriesandapplications.londonandnewyork:routledgevenuti,lawrence.(ed.)2000.thetranslationstudiesreader.londonandnewyork:rou
2、tledge.buttheimplicationsforthenonliterarytextaremyownresponsibilityafewgeneraldistinctionstranslatingv.interpretingsourcelanguage/textsl/sttargetlanguage/text-tl/ttintralingualv.interlingualv.intersemiotictranslationtranslationaslanguagelearningcontrastivelinguisticscomparativeliterature“translatio
3、nstudies”self-perceptionmanypeopletodaythinkthattranslationstudiesismainly:literarytheoryculturalstudiesand,possibly:communicationstudiesstylistics&genreanalysistranslationtheory - ttperspectivefromphilosophylinguisticphilosophy-attemptstodiscoverwhatlanguagemeans:theideallanguage(s)oflogicetc.ordin
4、arylanguagephilosophyphilosophyoflanguageattemptstofindouthowlanguagemeans:certaingeneralfeaturesoflanguagesuchasmeaning,reference,truth,verification,speechactsandlogicalnecessityphilosophyoflinguistics-thestudyoflanguagethroughlinguisticstt perspectivefromphilosophyoflinguisticsstructuralism-langua
5、gereflectsstructureofthought,cultureandsocietytransformational-generativegrammar-underlyinguniversallanguagefunctionalism-languageanditssocialfunctionscognitivism-languageasitreflectsourcognitiveappraisaloftheworld,categorizationofexperienceanduseofmetaphortt perspectivefromlinguisticslinguistsperce
6、iveitasrelatedto:contrastivelinguisticspragmaticsdiscourseanalysisstylisticsoncedismissedasuselesstottalloftheseareashavebeenre-animatedbycorporalinguisticstt perspectivefrominformationtechnoclogyitspecialistsareincreasinglyfascinatedbyhumanlanguageand:machineassistedtranslationmachinetranslationkno
7、wledgeengineeringinformationretrievalartificialintelligencett-theprofessionalperspectivetranslatortraininginterpretertrainingtranslationaidstranslationcriticismtranslationqualitytranslationpolicyprofessionaltranslationstandardstranslationtheoriestheobjectivesofthisseminarare:togiveageneraloutlineoft
8、ranslationtheoriesinthiscenturytoshowhowthesetheoriesapplytononliterarytextstodemonstratethattranslationpracticecanbenefitfromtheorytranslationtheoriesmostttis:product-orientatedfocusesthetranslationfunction-orientatedexaminesthecontextandpurposeofthetranslationprocess-orientatedanalysesthepsycholog
9、yoftranslationandprocessbutusuallyhaselementsofallthreepartialtheoriesoftranslationmediumrestrictedmanormachine?arearestrictedspecificlanguages/culturesrank-restrictedword/sentence/texttext-typerestricteddifferentgenrestime-restrictedhistoricalviewproblem-restrictedspecificproblems,e.gequivalencepro
10、blemspositionoftranslationstudiesinacademiasplitbetweentheoryandpracticetranslationteachersfearoftheoryresearchersstillencouragedtofocusonliteraturethereforeteacher/researcherfacedwithdilemmaearlydistinctionspeoplehavebeenarguingforcenturiesaboutliteralv.freev.faithfultranslationword-for-wordv.sense
11、-for-senseforexample:cicero,stjerome,staugustine,martinluther,tiennedolet,alexandertytler,johannwolfgangvongoethe,friedrichschleiermacher,wilhelmvonhumboldt,arthurschopenhauerseerobinson(1997/2002)bibletranslationbassnett(1991:45-50)-thehistoryofbibletranslationisaccordinglyahistoryofwesternculturei
12、nmicrocosm.st.jeromestranslationintolatinin384a.d.johnwycliffe(1330-84)andthelollardswilliamtyndale(1494-1536)burntatstakemartinluthernewtestament1522,oldtestament1534trybiblegateway:http:/ in translation. movements of knowledge through cultures and time. universityofchicagopress.describeshowscienti
13、fictextshavebeentranslated,adapted,revisedandaddedtodownthecenturiese.g.westernastronomygreekandarabicsciencejapanesesciencefurtherreadinghermans, theo & ubaldo stecconi. 2002. translators as hostages to history.fromtheeuropeancommissionstheorymeetspracticeseminarsat:http:/europa.eu.int/comm/transla
14、tion/theory/lectures/2001_01_18_history.pdflinguistictheoriesoftranslationlanguageuniversalsv.linguisticrelativismscienceoftranslationequivalencesemanticandcommunicativetranslationkorrespondenzandquivalenztranslationshiftsdiscourseandregisteranalysislanguageuniversalsv.linguisticrelativismlanguageun
15、iversalspresupposethatlanguagesand/orourcapacityforlanguageareuniversaland/orinnatelonghistoryleadingtochomskyandbeyondlanguagerelativismdifferentlanguagesshowusdifferentwaysofviewingtheworldsapir-whorftheoryandmosttranslationtheoryscienceoftranslationnida(1964)linguisticmeaningreferentialordenotati
16、vemeaningemotiveorconnotativemeaninghierarchicalstructuringcomponentialanalysissemanticstructureanalysisformalanddynamicequivalenceapplicationstobibletranslationchomskyandttfromnida&taber(1969:33)fromnida(1964:185-7)frommunday(2001:50)equivalenceromanjacobson(1959/2000)“equivalenceindifferenceisthec
17、ardinalproblemoflanguageandthepivotalconcernoflinguisticsdiscussesequivalenceatlevelofobligatorygrammarandlexicon,forexample:genderaspectsemanticfieldsequivalenceatwordlevelbaker(1992)chapter2morphologylexicalandsyntacticlexicalmeaningpropositionalv.expressivemeaningpresupposedmeaningevokedmeaningdi
18、alectgeographical,temporal,socialregisterfield/tenor/modeofdiscoursesemanticfieldsandlexicalsetsequivalenceabovewordlevelbaker(1992)chapter3collocationcollocationalrangeandmarkednesscollocationandregistercollocationalmeaningidiomsandfixedexpressionsgrammaticalequivalencebaker(1992)chapter4grammatica
19、lvs.lexicalcategoriesthediversityofgrammaticalcategories:numbergenderpersontenseandaspectvoicewordordernewmark(1981)semantic/communicativetranslationatlevelof:transmitter/addresseefocusculturetimeandoriginrelationtostuseofformofslformoftlappropriatenesscriterionforevaluationkoller(1976/89)korrespond
20、enzandquivalenzdenotativeequivalenceconnotativeequivalencetext-normativeequivalencepragmaticequivalenceformalequivalencevinay&darbelnet(1977/2000)translationshiftsdirecttranslation:borrowingcalqueliteraltranslationobliquetranslationtranspositionmodulationequivalenceadaptationfunctionatthelevelofthel
21、exicon,syntaxandmessagetranslationshiftscatford(1965/2000)levelshiftscategoryshifts:structuralclassunitorrankintra-systemvanleuven-zwart(1989/90)8categoriesand37sub-categories!linguistictheoriesandtranslationmostofthesetheoriesareconsideredlinguisticandareusefulforteachingtranslationmosttranslationo
22、ccursatthelinguisticlevelatsomestageoftheprocesshowever,toomuchstressonlinguisticlevelscanhavenegativeeffectatthetextlevelhallidayfunctional-systemiclinguisticstextualequivalencebaker(1992)chapter5thematicandinformationstructuresthemeandrhemesentenceanalysissodoicscocpadjconjdisjinformationstructure
23、:givenandnewwordorderandcommunicativefunctiontextualequivalencebaker(1992)chapter6cohesionreferencesubstitutionandellipsisconjunctionlexicalcohesiontranslationqualityassessmenthouse(1997)focusonthefunctionofthetextbaker(1992)chapter7-pragmaticequivalencereiss(1970s)functionalapproachholz-mntarri(198
24、4)translationalactionvermeer(1970s)andreiss&vermeer(1984)skopostheorynord(1988/91)textanalysisintranslationpragmaticequivalencebaker(1992)chapter7coherencepresuppositionimplicaturegricesmaximsofquantityqualityrelevancemannerpolitenessreiss(1970s)functionalapproachclassificationoftextsas:informativee
25、xpressiveoperativeaudiomedialreiss(1971)texttypesreisschesterman(1989)texttypesandvarietiesholz-mntarri(1984)translationalactionacommunicativeprocessinvolving:theinitiatorthecommissionerthestproducerthettproducerthettuserthettreceiverreiss&vermeer(1984)skopostheoryfocusespurposeorskoposoftranslation
26、rules1.attisdeterminedbyitsskopos2.attismessageinatargetculture/tlconcerningamessageinasourceculture/sl3.attisnotclearlyreversible4.attmustbeinternallycoherent5.attmustbecoherentwiththestnord(1988/91)textanalysisfunctionalapproachtheimportanceofthetranslationcommissiontheroleofstanalysisthefunctiona
27、lhierarchyoftranslationproblemspolysystemtheoryfocus-socialandculturalnormseven-zohar(1978/2000)toury(1995)chesterman(1997)lambert,vangorp,hermansandthemanipulationschool(1985&1999)even-zohar(1978/2000)even-zoharconsiderstranslatedliteraturetoinclude:childrensliteraturethrillersotherpopularworksoffi
28、ction,(auto-)biographyconsider:informativewritingofallkindse.g.travel,artandsport,journalism,universitytextbooks.toury(1995)descriptivetranslationstudiesimportantpointintranslationstudiesitencouragedthedescriptionofallkindsoftranslationandprovidedawidebasisonwhichtoconductresearch.thetertiumcomparat
29、ionis=attempttopostulateneutraltranslationv.culturallyandsociallyloadedrealtranslationsbutprovedunsatisfactoryandabandonedtourysnormsinitial normstnorms=adequatetranslationttnorms=acceptabletranslationpreliminary normstranslation policy selectionoftextsdirectness of translation isstanoriginal?operat
30、ional normsmatricial normsorcompletenessofthetttextual-linguisticnorms.touryslawsthe law of growing standardization-suggeststhatthettstandardsoverridethoseoftheoriginaltext.thiswillhappenwhenthetlcultureismorepowerful.the law of interference-suggeststhatthestinterferesinthettbydefault.thiswillhappen
31、whentheslcultureismorepowerful.chestermansnorms(1997)expectancynormsexpectationsofreadersallowevaluativejudgementsvalidatedbyanorm-authorityprofessionalnormsaccountabilitynormethicalnormcommunicationnormsocialnormrelationnormlinguisticnorm(betweenslandtl)polysystemtheoryandthenonliterarytexteven-zoh
32、ar,toury,chesteman,andothersseestandttaspartofamuchwidersocialandculturalcontextalthoughtheymayconsiderliterarytextprimary,theirtheoriesandsuggestionsareapplicabletoalltextsculturalstudiesbassnett&lefevere(1991)dismissedlinguistictheoriesashavingmovedfromwordtotextasaunit,butnotbeyondandtalkedofpain
33、stakingcomparisonsbetweenorginalsandtranslationswhichdonotconsiderthetextinitsculturalenvironment.(munday,2001:127)lefevere(1992)powerandpatronageprofessionalswithintheliterarysystempatronageoutsidetheliterarysystemtheideologicalcomponenttheeconomiccomponentthestatuscomponentthedominantpoeticslitera
34、rydevicestheconceptoftheroleofliteratureexamplesedwardfitzgeraldsimprovementofworkbyomarkhayyaman18thcenturytranslatorsimprovementofcamesoslusiadaslewiscarrollsaliceinwonderland-softenedforchildrencensorshipofbadlanguagecanyouthinkofexamples?simon(1996)translationandgendermasculinelanguageoftranslat
35、iontheoristsovertattemptstopromoteafeministstancethroughtranslationpracticecontributionwomenhavemadebytranslatingworksofliteratureoverthecenturiesrelationshipofwomenandcultureasseenthroughtranslationthetranslatorisself-effacingcreatesanewworkwithafemininepointofviewlinkbetweenfeministandpostcolonial
36、studiespostcolonialtranslationtheoryspivak(1993/2000)andniranjana(1992)culturalimplications-translatingbetween:colonizedandcolonizingpoliticallypowerfulandweakerlanguagesandculturespowerrelationstranslationalandtransnationalfactorsexamplespivak(2000)translatesoutofbengaliintoenglishtrytoimaginehowan
37、educatedbi-lingual(english/bengali)womanwithinternationalfeministconnectionsmighttrytotranslatepoetrybymahaswetadeviapoetinanindianvillage.http:/www.emory.edu/english/bahri/contents.html#authorsothersituationsbraziliancannibalism(1960-1999)colonizeddevourscolonizerandisenrichedcronin(1996)theirishla
38、nguageandenglishimperialismoverthecenturiesculturalstudiesetcmysuggestion-surftheinternetwith:culturalstudiescommunicationstudiescomparativeliteratureliterarystudiestranslationstudiesculturalstudiesandthenonliterarytextculturalstudiestheorists:rarelyrefertononliterarytextthentendtoclaimanyinterestin
39、gtextasliterary!yetculturalstudiesshouldbyitsverynaturegobeyondliteratureoratleastliterature.reactionagainsttlorientatedtextswhatcanbedonetoavoidtoomuchstandardization?howcanoneavoidsocialorculturalbias?howcanonetrulyrepresenttheoriginal?antoineberman(1984)theexperienceoftheforeignbermansnegativeana
40、lyticoftranslationfocusesthefollowing:rationalizationclarificationexpansionennoblementqualitativeimpoverishmentquantitativeimpoverishmentantoineberman(1984)theexperienceoftheforeignthedestructionofrhythmsthedestructionofunderlyingnetworksofsignificationthedestructionoflinguisticpatterningsthedestruc
41、tionofvernacularnetworksortheirexoticizationthedestructionofexpressionsandidiomstheeffacementofthesuperimpositionoflanguagesvenuti(1995)thetranslatorsinvisibilitycriticizesthose,liketoury,whoaimtoproducevalue-freenormsandlawsoftranslation.interpreteslefeveresnotionsofpatronageanditsinfluenceinthecon
42、textofanglo-americanpublishingusesinvisibilitytodescribethetranslatorssituationandactivityincontemporaryanglo-americanculturequestionscanthetranslatorbeinvisible?shouldthetranslatorbeinvisible?if,sowhen?giveexamplescanthetranslatorbeinvisibleandcreative?if,sowhen?giveexamplespride,prejudice.andpower
43、consider:howliterarytranslatorsdescribetheirworkpridehowreviewersandthepublicreceivetranslations-prejudicethepublishingindustryandtheeffectofglobalizationpowerphilosophyandtranslationphilosophersoftenfindtranslationfascinating-afewexamples:walterbenjamin(1923/2000)ezrapound(1929/2000)steiner(1975/92
44、/98)derrida&deconstruction(1960)walterbenjamin(1923/2000)benjaminsmetaphor-liberation oftheoriginaltextthroughtranslation.believedininterlineartranslationrevealstheoriginalinallitscomplexitytlispowerfullyaffectedbytheforeigntongueanextremeexampleofforeignizationbelievedthiswouldallowpurelanguagetoem
45、ergefromtheharmonizationofthetwolanguages.ezrapound(1929/2000)andhisfollowersezrapoundinfluencedmuchliterarytranslationideathatonedoesnotneedtoknowtheslwellitisenoughtofeelthespiritbeliefinarchaizingandforeignizingtoeffectledtoliterarytranslationworkshops-inspirationleadstoverygoodtranslationorprete
46、ntiousandimpenetrabletexts!steiner(1975/92/98)beyondbabelhermeneuticmotioninitiativetrustaggressionincorporationcompensationimbalancebetweenstandttresistantdifferenceofthetextelectiveaffinityofthetranslatorderrida&deconstruction(1960)objectiveofderrida-anddeconstruction-todemonstratetheinstabilityof
47、languageingeneralandtherelationshipbetweensignifiedandsignifierinparticular.deconstructioncanandhasbeenusedtodeconstructmuchmorethantraditionalliterature.e.g.politicaldiscoursephilosophypsychology&sociologysciencephilosophyandthenonliterarytextatfirstsight,thesetheorieswouldseemtobefurthestfromtheno
48、nliterarytextbutconsiderimplicationsfor:knowledgeengineeringontologiessemanticframeworksdescriptiveterminologyinterdisciplinarytranslationstudiesinpractice-literarytranslationisconfinedtomodernlanguagesdepartmentsnonliterarytranslationisessentiallyinterdisciplinaryin:useoflanguageuseoftextuseoftechn
49、ologysnellhornby(1995)-texttypestechnologyandtranslationdesktoppublishingtranslationmemoriesterminologydatabasestranslatorsworkbenchmachinetranslationinformationresourcesotheraspectsbertesselinklocalizatonyvesgambiermultmediatranslation,conferenceinterpreting,translationincontextdanielgouadectermino
50、logyandtranslatortrainingdonkiraly-asocialconstructivistapproachtotranslatoreducationempowermentfromtheorytopractice.anthonypymperhapsoneofthebestexamplesofmulti-disciplinaryworkandinterestshavealookathishomepagehttp:/www.fut.es/apym/bibliographybaker,m.(ed)1977.theroutledgeencyclopediaoftranslation
51、studies.partii:historyandtraditions.londonandnewyork:routledge.baker,m.(ed)1977.theroutledgeencyclopediaoftranslation.bassnett,susan.1991.translationstudies.revisededition.londonandnewyork:routledge.tr.bassnett,s&a.lefevere(eds.)1990.translation,historyandculture,londonandnewyork:pinter.tr.bassnett,
52、s&h.trivedi(eds.)1999.post-colonialtranslation:theoryandpractics,londonandnewyork:longman.benjamin;w.1923/2000thetaskofthetranslator,translatedbzh.zohn(1969)inl.venuti(ed.)2000,pp.15-25.berman,a.1985/2000.translationandthetrialsoftheforeign,inl.venuti(ed.)2000,pp.284-97.campos,h.de.1992.metalinguage
53、meoutrasmetas:ensaiosdeteoriaecrticaliterria,s.paulo:perspectiva.catford,j.c.(1965)alinguistictheoryoftranslation,london:academicpress.chesterman,andrew.1997.memesoftranslation.amsterdam/philadelphia:johnbenjaminspub.co.chesterman,a.1989.readingsintranslationtheory.helsinki:finnlectura.cronin,m.1996
54、.translatingireland:translation,languagesandculture,cork:corkuniversitypress.derrida,j.1985.destoursdebabel,inj.f.graham(ed.)pp.209-48.esselink,b.2000.apracticalguidetolocalization.amsterdam/philadelphia:johnbenjaminspub.co.even-zohar,i.1978/2000.thepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithintheliterarypol
55、ysystem,ininl.venuti(ed.)2000,pp.192-7.fawcett,p1995.translationandlanguage:linguisticsapproachesexplained,manchester:st.jerome.gentzler,edwin.2001.contemporarytranslationtheories.2ndedition.clevedon:multilingualmattersltd.graham,j.f.(ed)1985.differenceintranslation,ithaca,ny:cornelluniversitypress.
56、halliday,m.a.k.1978.languageassocialsemiotic,londonandnewyork:arnold.hatim,basil.1997.communicationacrosscultures-translationtheoryandcontrastivetextlinguistics.exeter:universityofexeterpress.hatim,basil&mason,ian.(1990)discourseandthetranslator.harlow:longman.hermans,t.(ed.)1985.themanipulationofli
57、terature:studiesinliterarytranslation,beckenham:croomhelm.hermans,t.1999.translationinsystems,manchester:st.jerome.holmes,jamess.(1988)translated!amsterdam:editionsrodopi.holz-mntarri;j.1984.translatorischeshandeln-theoretschefundierteberufsprofileinm.snell-hornby(ed.)bersertzungwissenschaft:eineneu
58、orienterung,tbingen:franke,pp348-74.house,j.1997.translationquality:amodelrevisited,tubingen:gunternarr.jakobson;r.1959/2000.onlinguisticaspectsoftranslation,inl.venuti(ed.)2000,pp.113-18.kiraly,don.2000.asocialconstructivistapproachtotranslatoreducationempowermentfromtheorytopractice.manchester/nor
59、thampton:st.jeromepublishing.koller,w.1979.equivalenceintranslationtheory,ina.chesterman(ed.)pp.99-104.lambert,j-r.&h.vangorp19865.ondescribingtranslation,int.hermans(ed.)1985,pp42-53.lefevere,andr.(1992)translation/history/culture-asourcebook.londonandnewyork.routledge.lefevere,andr.(1992)translati
60、on,rewriting&themanipulationofliteraryfame.londonandnewyork.routledge.leuven-zwart,kitty&tonnaajikens1991(eds.)translationstudies:thestateoftheart.amsterdam/atlanta:rodopi.munday,jeremy.2001.introducingtranslationstudiestheoriesandapplications.londonandnewyork:routledge.newmark,peter.(1988)atextbook
61、oftranslation.newyork.prentice-hall.nida,e.1964.towardsascienceoftranslating,leiden:e.j.brill.nida,eugenea.&taber,charlesr.(1969)thetheoryandpracticeoftranslation,leiden:e.j.brill.niranjana;t.1992.sitingtranslation:history,post-structuralism,andthecolonialcontext,berkeley,ca:universityofcaliforniapr
62、ess.nord,christiane.1997,translatingasapurposefulactivity.manchester:st.jeromepub.co.pym,a.1998.methodintranslationhistory,manchester:st.jeromepub.co.reiss,katharina.2000.translationcriticismthepotentials&limitations.manchester:st.jeromepub.co.reiss,k.1977/89texttypesandtranslationassessmentina.ches
63、terman(ed)pp160-71.reiss,k.&h.j.vermeer1984grundlegingeinerallgemeinentranslationstheorie,tbingen:niemeyer.robinson,douglas.1997.becomingatranslator:anacceleratedcourse.londonandnewyork:routledge.robinson,douglas.1997/2002.westerntranslationtheory-fromherodotustonietzsche.manchester/northampton:st.j
64、eromepublishing.schulte,rainer&biguenet,john.(eds.)(1992)theoriesoftranslation-ananthologyofessaysfromdrydentoderrida.chicagoandlongon:univ.ofchicagopress.snell-hornby,mary.(1988)translationstudies-anintegratedapproach.amsterdam/philadelphia.johnbenjamins.simon,s.1996genderintranslation:culturaliden
65、tityandthepoliticsoftransmission,londondandnewyork:routledge.spivak,g.1993/2000thepoliticsoftranslation,inl.venuti(ed.)2000,pp.397-416.steiner,george.1992afterbabel.(newedition).oxforduniversitypress.toury,gideon.1995.descriptivetranslationstudies-andbeyond.amsterdam:johnbenjaminpub.co.venuti,lawren
66、ce.(1995)thetranslatorsinvisibility.londonandnewyork:routledge.venuti,l.1998.thescandalsoftranslation,towardsanethicsofdifference,london&newyork:routledge.venuti,lawrence.(ed.)2000.thetranslationstudiesreader.londonandnewyork:routledge.vinayj.p.&darbelnet,j(1958)stylistiquecomparedofranaisetdelnglai
67、s,paris:didier.aclassictextwhichcomparesenglishandfrenchlanguagestructures.linksanthonypymshomepagehttp:/www.fut.es/apym/thevirtualsymposiuminnovationintranslatorandinterpretertraining(itit)at-http:/www.fut.es/apym/tti.htm.post-colonialstudiesatemorywebsitehttp:/www.emory.edu/english/bahri/contents.html#authorsbiblegateway:http:/