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1、跨文化沟通培训 learning objectivesby this end of this chapter, you should be able to:understand how language and culture are closely linkedunderstand cultural influences on some commonly observed differences between english and chinesedistinguish denotational and connotational meanings of wordslearning obj
2、ectivesdistinguish linear and nonlinear language, deductive and inductive patternsmake cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal stylesmeans of human communicationverbal communicationusing words that have mutually understood meanings and a set of
3、rulesnonverbal communicationedward t. hall refers to it as the “silent language”the relationship between language and culture1. the influence of culture on language2. the influence of language on culturethe influence of culture on language1. language as a reflection of the environmentlanguage reflec
4、ts the environment in which we live. we label things that are around us. (examples)the environment influences the development of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. (examples)the influence of culture on language2. language as reflection of valueslanguage reflects cultural values.la
5、nguage is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relationships, reflects the way the society operates. example: chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.linguistic determinismlinguistic relativitysapir-whorf hypothesislanguage not only serves as a mechanism for
6、 communication , but a guide to social reality.reality for a culture is discoverable in its languagelinguistic determinismlanguage structure controls thought and cultural normsthe world as each of us knows it is to a large extent predetermined by the language of our culturethe differences between la
7、nguages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.linguistic relativitylinguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other.culture is controlled by and controls language.language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are e
8、ncoded and stored.cultural impact onverbal communicationat lexical levelat discourse levelat pragmatic level1. at lexical leveldenotational meaningconnotational meaningmeanings of wordsdenotational meaningit refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection.denotation mean
9、s a dictionary definition.connotational meaningit refers to extended meanings or associated meanings.connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.comparison between english and chinese some words have the same denotational and conntational
10、 meanings.there are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different connotational meanings.both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.examples dove: peacefox: cunningowl: wisdombat: an evil animalcricket: a happy insectdragon: fierceness鸽子：和平鸽狐狸：像
11、狐狸一样狡猾猫头鹰：坏运气蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福蟋蟀：哀愁龙：龙袍，龙的传人(chinese dragon)culture culture red red yellow yellow green green blue blue europe and europe and north north americaamericadanger danger cautioncautioncowardicecowardicesafetysafetygrowth and growth and rebirthrebirthmasculinitymasculinitysweetnesssweetnesscalmc
12、almjapan japan anger anger danger danger gracegracenobilitynobilitychildish childish gaietygaietyfuture future youth youth energy energy villainyvillainychina china joy joy celebration celebration power power honor honor royalty royalty no special no special associationassociationno special no speci
13、al associationassociationarabic arabic countriescountriesno special no special associationassociationhappinesshappinessprosperityprosperityfertilityfertilityvirtuevirtuestrengthstrengthfaithfaithtruth truth business implicationsinternational businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotati
14、onal meanings of colors.international marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.2. at discourse levellinear and nonlinear languagedeductive an inductive patternslinear vs. nonlinear la
15、nguagelinear has a beginning and an endlogical and objectivenonlinear circulartradition-orientatedsubjective styles of paragraph development直线型（英语）平行对仗型（闪族语）螺旋型（东方语言）迂回转折型（拉丁语系）更自由的迂回转折型（俄语）直线型english英语平行对仗型semitic闪族语（阿拉伯语）螺旋型oriental东方语言（汉语）迂回转折型romance拉丁语系（法语、西班牙语）迂回转折型（更自由的）russiandeductive vs. i
16、nductive thought patternsdeductivefrom the general to the specificwestern inductive from the specific to the generaleastern example 1 because of most of our production is done in china now, and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999, and since i think a certain am
17、ount of caution in committing to tv advertisement is necessary because of the expense. so, i suggest that we delay making our decision until after legco makes its decision. example 2i suggest that we delay making our decision until after legco makes its decision. thats because i think a certain amou
18、nt of caution in committing to tv advertisement is necessary because of the expense. in addition to that, most of our production is done in china now, and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999.deductive vs. inductivexcomment, main point, or action suggestedbecaus
19、e ofy topic, background, or reasonbecause of y topic, background, or reason xcomment, main point, or action suggested 3. at pragmatic levelpragmatics definedpragmatics is defined as “language in use” (thomas)pragmatic transfer definedthe use of rules of speaking from ones own native speech community
20、 when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.pragmalinguistic failuresociolinguistic failurepragmalinguistic failure definedpragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by
21、 speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of the target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.examples “岂有此理” as a compliment response“so
22、rry, sorry” for “i am very sorry”sociolinguistic failure definesociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.examples 白象牌电池芳芳牌唇膏大宝sod蜜金鸡牌鞋油龙牌卷闸white elephantfang fangdabao sodgolden cockdragon analysis of speech actaddre
23、ssgreeting and leaving-takingoffer and thanksinvitation and responseapologiescompliment and responsecountrycountryappropriate appropriate topicstopicstopics to avoidtopics to avoidaustralia australia professions, cars, professions, cars, skiing, musicskiing, musicmoney, religion, money, religion, di
24、vorcedivorcegermany germany travel abroad, travel abroad, international politics, international politics, hobbieshobbiesworld war two, world war two, questions about questions about personal lifepersonal lifegreat britaingreat britainhistory, architecture, history, architecture, gardeninggardeningpo
25、litics, money/pricepolitics, money/pricefrance france music, books, music, books, sports, the theatresports, the theatreprice of items, price of items, personperson s work, s work, income, ageincome, agemexico mexico family, social family, social concernsconcernspolitics, debt, politics, debt, infla
26、tion problems, inflation problems, border violationsborder violationsjapanjapanhistory, culture, arthistory, culture, artworld war twoworld war twoverbal styleamerican verbal stylejapanese verbal stylechinese verbal styleamerican verbal styledirect honestping-pang or tennis game stylejapanese verbal
27、 styletaking turnswaiting politelybowling stylechinese verbal styleimplicit communication（含蓄）listening centeredness（听话）politeness（客气）a focus on insiders（自己人） face-directed communication strategies（面子） chinese vs. north american verbal stylewhat is not said vs. what is saidthe use of we vs. i polite
28、vs. impolite talkindirect vs. direct talkhesitant vs. assertive speechself-effacing vs. self-enhancing talkprivate vs. public personal questionsreticent vs. expressive speechhomework 1. can you evaluate thought patterns and their relationship to intercultural communication?2. whats a chinese discourse pattern like and how does it differ from the english one? thank you see you next time